1 LLF has played a key role in foundational literacy and numeracy in India for nearly a decade. Could you provide a brief overview of your operations and how LLF positions itself differently from other organizations working in early education? What are some key initiatives and strategies that have helped LLF create a sustainable impact at scale?

Language and Learning Foundation (LLF), established in 2015, is a non-profit organization dedicated to improving foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN) outcomes of children studying in government primary schools in India. By collaborating closely with state education institutions, at LLF we aim to bring transformative changes to teaching and learning processes, ensuring sustainable improvements in student learning. We distinguish ourselves through a strategic focus on system strengthening and adopting a multilingual education approach to improve FLN outcomes.

System Strengthening at scale: Our System Strengthening work includes collaboration with state education institutions to develop and implement at-scale solutions for improved foundational learning outcomes. We specialize in building the capacities of the government academic cadre through workshops, training programs, and demonstrating good practices to ensure that state agencies can work on Foundational Learning and Numeracy (FLN) solutions sustainably. This approach is to comprehensively reform their FLN instructional designs, with a particular focus on structured pedagogy. This scientific, evidence-based, learner-centric approach equips teachers and mentors with clearly defined objectives and instructions for improving learning outcomes.

We provide technical support by building capacity of State Resource Groups (SRGs), co-creating instructional design, materials, handbooks, orienting state-level resource groups for the training of teachers and mentors, supporting the implementation of the programme and developing resources for teachers and mentors.

Integration of Multilingual Education: Recognizing the linguistic diversity of India, we advocate for the inclusion of children's first languages in formal education. We emphasize leveraging children’s first language as a foundation for improved learning outcomes. Multilingual Education promotes not only better learning but also fosters equity and social inclusion. Collaborating with state governments, we design and implement bi/multilingual education programs, bridging the gap between home and school languages.

A fundamental aspect of our MLE programs is recognizing that language disadvantage has adversely affected children’s pursuit of education. In response, it acknowledges children’s home language as a resource that facilitates their education process. The distinction between a regular FLN program and the MLE for FLN program is based on the use of children’s language in teaching-learning processes within the broader framework of the LLF approach, which has three constitutive aspects: structured pedagogy, a balanced literacy approach, and the four-block model.

Our approach to bringing about transformative change for FLN at scale involves a three-pronged approach. Since our goal is to build commitment and capacity within the government education system to plan and implement early learning programs at scale, we work in collaboration with state governments from the beginning on these three dimensions shown in Figure 1.

1. Continuous Professional Development (CPD): LLF designs and implements online and blended learning courses and workshops on foundational literacy, foundational numeracy, multilingual education (MLE) and academic support and supervision for teachers, teacher educators, academic resource personnel (at block and cluster level) and administrators in the government education system. These CPD programs are all implemented through state government institutions like SCERT, DIET and Samagra Shiksha.
2. School Demonstration Programs: These programs aim to significantly improve student learning in FLN in a block or an entire district over a period of 3-5 years by providing a structured instructional design with regular assessments, teacher training, children’s learning materials, strengthened academic support for teachers and stronger emphasis on data driven decision making by capacitating the academic cadre. The focus in these programs is on equitable learning so that children at the bottom of the learning pyramid also make significant learning gains.
3. Systemic Reforms: LLF works with state education institutions (e.g. SCERT, DIET) to develop effective FLN in-service training programs, school-based assessments, monitoring mechanisms, review and revision of textbooks and development of improved pre-service teacher education curricula.

2 LLF has successfully raised funds through multiple avenues—philanthropic grants, CSR funding, and even innovative financing models like Development Impact Bonds (LiftEd). How is your fundraising approach tailored for different types of capital? What are the key differences in engaging with donors, corporate CSR partners, and impact investors?

At LLF, outcomes and impact are at the heart of everything we do, and this philosophy extends to our fundraising approach. Recognizing that different funding partners have unique priorities, we tailor our engagement strategies to align with partner expectations in a manner to drive measurable improvements in foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN).

To support large-scale FLN programmes, we focus on long-term partnerships grounded in mission alignment and systemic impact. Our funders comprise mostly of philanthropic institutions, foundations and CSRs. These funders are deeply invested in sustainable change, and our engagement involves demonstrating how LLF’s interventions lead to lasting improvements in teaching and learning practices and improvement in FLN outcomes of children in government schools. Transparent reporting, data-driven insights, and evidence-based impact narratives and third-party evaluations play a crucial role in fostering trust and continuity.

With corporate CSR partners, our approach is rooted in strong strategic alignment on programmatic priorities. We work closely with CSR teams and partnerships on programs that align with their CSR mandates while addressing real gaps in foundational learning. Beyond compliance, we emphasize scalability and measurable outcomes, offering structured implementation plans, rigorous monitoring frameworks, and opportunities for field-level engagement to create meaningful corporate involvement.

We have successfully implemented innovative financing models such as Development Impact Bonds (DIBs), where funding is directly tied to achieving measurable learning gains. These models require a high degree of accountability, real-time data tracking, and independent third-party evaluations to ensure that funding translates into tangible improvements for children. Our success with the Haryana Early Literacy DIB which achieved 3.5x learning gains and LiftEd DIB (ongoing) has given us an edge in outcome-based funding, proving that well-structured interventions can deliver significant and scalable impact.

Across all fundraising channels, LLF remains committed to one core principle: all our programmes must contribute to meaningful, measurable learning outcomes. Whether through philanthropic grants, CSR funding, or impact-driven investments, our focus remains on ensuring that every child has access to quality foundational learning, at scale and in a sustainable way.

3 LLF has been part of innovative outcome-based financing models like the Lifted Development Impact Bond. What have been your key learnings from implementing this model? How does it compare to other DIBs in terms of structuring, execution, and impact measurement? Have these models helped achieve better educational outcomes compared to traditional grants, or do they present challenges that need to be addressed for wider adoption?

The LiftEd DIB (2023-2027) is supported by a consortium of public, private, and civil society organizations and aims to improve the foundational learning of 4 million children across five Indian states over five years. The programme has adopted a "systems change" approach, engaging stakeholders to scale education reforms. As India's first education program focused on system-strengthening, it ensures sustained change through enhanced accountability. LLF is an implementing partner of LiftEd in two states Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. At present, LLF is implementing outcome-focused programs with targets for achieving student learning gains for about 1.1 million children.

When it comes to innovative outcome-based financing models like the Lifted DIB, LLF has gained valuable insights and experiences that have shaped its approach to impact measurement and program implementation. Here's a detailed analysis of LLF's key learnings from implementing the Lifted model and how it compares to other DIBs:

1. Distinct Features of Lifted DIB: LLF's involvement in the Lifted DIB, which differs from other models like the DIB Haryana, has provided unique challenges and opportunities for learning. The Lifted model stands out for its inclusion of multiple implementation partners working towards shared goals in diverse geographies and ecosystems. This collaborative platform fosters cross-learning opportunities among partners, enhancing the achievement of common objectives.
2. Structural Variances and Enhancements: The structure of the Lifted DIB sets it apart in terms of verification, evaluations, and overall framework. It incorporates different agencies for assessing student learning outcomes, classroom teaching practice evaluations, performance management, risk partners, and annual cross-learning events. This robust structure aligns with LLF's theory of change, emphasizing system-led improvements for sustainable impact.
3. Impact Measurement and Effectiveness: The impact measurement framework of the Lifted model introduces innovative and comprehensive metrics such as effective classrooms, efficient meetings, and collaborative supervision practices. These elements contribute to substantial improvements in student learning outcomes, reflecting a holistic approach to impact assessment.
4. Challenges and Adaptation: From the perspective of program implementation, challenges arise in realizing ambitious systemic changes within varying government regimes and educational ecosystems. Educational transformations often rely on key individuals at different administrative levels to drive meaningful change. Capacity building of stakeholders has played a vital role in this process, equipping them with the necessary skills, resources, and pedagogical strategies to effectively implement FLN and sustain its impact at the classroom level. Also, a continuous engagement with officials and stakeholders is crucial to navigating these complexities and aligning program targets with evolving contexts.
5. Comparative Strengths and Considerations: While the Lifted DIB presents challenges in system-wide transformations, its overall robust structure enhances classroom practices and student outcomes significantly. The provision of unique verification partners and evaluators sets it apart from traditional DIBs, offering a more comprehensive approach to impact assessment and accountability

4 Impact measurement is one of the biggest challenges in education interventions, especially when funds are tied to performance outcomes. How does LLF track and report impact across different funding mechanisms? Do you follow a particular impact measurement framework, and how do you ensure independent verification in models like DIBs?

In the context of LLF's education interventions, impact measurement is a critical aspect, especially when tied to performance outcomes that influence funding decisions. LLF has a comprehensive approach to tracking and reporting impact across various funding mechanisms, ensuring rigorous evaluation and accountability. Here's a detailed breakdown of how LLF monitors and reports impact:

• Outcome-Based Approach: LLF has a strong history of successfully completing Development Impact Bonds (DIBs) and outcome-based interventions. The organization's approach has always been outcome-driven, emphasizing the achievement of predetermined milestones and goals.
• Monitoring and Evaluation Framework: LLF's monitoring and evaluation framework is intricately linked to outcomes and milestones. Regular feedback loops and stakeholder coordination are integral parts of this framework, ensuring continuous improvement and alignment with project objectives.
• Government Collaboration: LLF has cultivated a sense of partnership with government entities, aligning visions and goals, whether through initiatives like NIPUN Lakshaya or continuous textbook reviews. This collaboration extends to pedagogical influences in FLN ecosystems, establishing credibility and trust with government officials.
• Data Accountability and Intervention Triggers: LLF's data accountability is exceptional, leading to proactive interventions by the government based on student learning outcomes and teaching practices. This data-driven approach has prompted targeted interventions such as remedial classes and enhanced academic support, directly impacting classroom teaching practices and student learning outcomes.
• Independent Verification: LLF ensures independent verification of impact through a robust system of third-party evaluators. Despite occasional challenges due to inexperienced data collectors, LLF mitigates these issues through rigorous training, pilot testing, and daily debrief sessions to address field challenges effectively.
• Collaborative Progress Monitoring: LLF's structured approach includes weekly meetings with field supervisors, bi-weekly meetings with district implementers, and monthly calls with all project stakeholders. Progress reports are shared and discussed at various government meetings, fostering transparency and alignment with project and government goals.
• Strategic Reviews and Workshops: Quarterly strategic meetings and workshops provide opportunities for in-depth progress reviews, addressing challenges, and planning mission-mode interventions if required. These strategic reviews facilitate cross-learning and support from central and state teams.
• Data Validation and Reporting: LLF ensures the reliability of data through on-field verification by internal teams and external agency validation. Regular review of data through accessible dashboards enhances decision-making and accountability.
• Assessments and Decision-Making: LLF conducts bi-annual and sometimes thrice-yearly sample-based student assessments to monitor learning outcomes. These assessments inform decision-making processes with government stakeholders, aligning efforts towards achieving national and state educational agendas for NIPUN children.

5 Education financing is evolving, with changing regulatory frameworks around CSR, blended finance, and impact measurement. What are some of the biggest challenges LLF faces in terms of fundraising, regulatory compliance, or proving impact? How can policies be improved to make it easier for organizations like LLF to access diverse funding sources?

Education financing is evolving rapidly, bringing both opportunities and challenges for organisations like ours. As we navigate changing regulatory frameworks around CSR, blended finance, and impact measurement, some key challenges stand out for us as much as they stand out for other non-profit organisations.

A challenge we face in raising funds for our programmes relates to our indirect yet critical approach to improving FLN at scale. Working with the system-strengthening approach tends to be deprioritized by donors who focus more on programs with immediate outcomes. We mitigate this challenge by strategically engaging with large-scale CSR funders and mid-size corporates who find value in system reform and long-term educational impact. The other challenge lies in securing funding for organizational development, which often lacks the measurable, short-term results that attract donor interest. As LLF scales, essential needs like staff capacity building, improving technological infrastructure, process standardization, and data management systems become crucial for long-term impact but face difficulty in gaining funding, as donors typically prefer to allocate resources directly to programs with visible, immediate results.

Another challenge is the increasing complexity of regulatory compliance, particularly the extensive documentation and reporting requirements. While these processes ensure transparency, they also demand significant time and resources, diverting attention from core program implementation. To mitigate the impact of regulatory burdens, we streamline our internal systems and leverage technology to ensure efficient and timely documentation and reporting without diverting significant resources from program implementation.

Additionally, when working within government systems, dependencies at multiple levels or changes in leadership can lead to delays in implementation, making it challenging to adhere to pre-committed donor timelines. Despite our best efforts to anticipate these challenges, shifting government priorities or administrative processes can affect project execution. We address this by proactively maintaining transparent communication with

donors, ensuring they are continuously updated on any shifts in government priorities and their potential effects on project timelines.

6 Looking ahead, how does LLF plan to sustain and scale its programs financially? Do you see a continued reliance on traditional philanthropy, or is there a shift towards blended finance and impact-linked models? Are there specific financing mechanisms LLF is actively exploring to ensure long-term sustainability?

Looking ahead, LLF is committed to a diversified and sustainable financial strategy that blends traditional philanthropy from foundations and corporates with innovative financing models that drive long-term systemic change in foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN).

Education programs yield strong and lasting outcomes when they are designed with a long-term vision, integrating both immediate learning gains and systemic improvements. Given this, long-term strategic partnerships and sustained commitments from funders are essential to driving meaningful, scalable, and enduring impact.

By embedding an outcomes-driven approach across all our initiatives, we enhance accountability, optimize resource allocation, and drive innovation in program delivery, strengthening our partners' trust in us. We are committed to collaborating with partners who share this vision, ensuring that investments lead to deep-rooted educational transformation and strengthen public education systems for sustained impact.

Moreover, funders and donors across institutions, foundations and corporates are increasingly shifting towards prioritizing measurable impact over traditional input-driven funding. This evolution is a positive shift and aligns well with our approach. It ensures that investments lead to tangible, scalable, and sustainable improvements in education. Rather than solely funding activities, donors are now focusing on evidence-based programs that demonstrate clear learning gains and systemic transformation.

As funders increasingly look for models that balance immediate impact with long-term sustainability, LLF is well-positioned to partner with them in scaling high-impact interventions that not only improve foundational literacy and numeracy but also strengthen education systems at their core.

To summarise, different funding sources play a crucial role in supporting various aspects of our programs, helping to dovetail the different components of our work. As our initiatives expand, a more diversified funding pool will be essential to ensuring long-term sustainability.